"Kill your darlings "

(一)

Stephen White 談寫作風格,說作家往往過份講究文句之抑揚頓挫,陶醉在自己創造的文字聲色之中。他說,有一位文章大家曾經下令寫作的人必須忍痛殺掉筆下的一些心肝寶貝(「Kill your darlings 」)。文章里誘人的一字、一句、一段,往往只顧引人入勝而不守本份,讀者於是嘆為觀止而忘其所以(「Words, sentences, paragraphs that call much attention to themselves are not doing the job they are inteo do. While the reader is paying them due reverence, he is likely to ighe message they were meant to vey 」)。文體家沉浮字海數十年,必定身經千萬次這種割愛之苦。藝術求「巧」,死練技術,經年累月,也許不難辦到。求「拙」最不容易,以「巧」做根基,加上濃烈的看破世情的悟道之心,然後反璞,然後淡泊,然後不露經營,然後見「拙」。文章字句誘人是「巧」的功力;殺掉這些巧妙之處,為的正是追求就事論事、依情說情的「常道」。此中牽涉太多的閱歷。路易十四的近親Liselotte 書信集里說,才藝之士不宜太過飽學,反而不可不諳世故、通人情;人情世故書中學不到,全靠閱歷(「 It is not at all suitable for people of great quality to be very learned, but highly necessary for them to know the world and be able to deal with people, and they ''t learn that from books but only from experience 」)。

(二)

當然,文章句子綿綿誘人,未必是些風花雪月的描述,也未必是引經據典的段落。讀書消化,閱世通達,即便是說風說花說雪說月,也另有意境;經典也可以引得自然順當。有一次,我在英國圖書館裡翻書,書頁之間偶然掉出一張小小的牛皮紙,上面錄了Gee Eliot的一段話,說是她們到大英博物館去看書,視之為求知之畏途。她說,要是她有一盞阿拉丁神燈就好,要看什麼書一說就有(「We are going now to the British Museum to read - a fearful way of getting knowledge. If I had Aladdin''s lamp I should certainly use it to get books served up to me at a moment''s notice」)。阿拉丁神燈典故人人皆知,用在這樣淺顯的句子里,表達這樣淺顯的心愿,既有筆墨,又有情致。那張破牛皮紙上的字跡很娟秀,墨水都褪了色。我抄下這段話,把破紙插回書頁里去。

(三)

「拙」而成趣,那是造化。李可染的畫磅礴之中不脫稚氣,功力欲斂彌彰,當代少見。文字說「拙」,可以領會,殊難言傳。我看求得簡練已經太好了。英文說 I miss you very much,那是客套;說I miss you,有點真情;棄掉一個字,說miss you,跟中文的「想你」一樣,簡直是甜甜的悄悄話,學亦舒說的,教人「感動得軟軟的」,「誰還吃得消」。Christina Foyle坐計程車,司機跟她聊天,突然說:人老了不機靈有什麼用(「 What is the good of getting old, if you don''t get artful 」)。「機靈」畢竟是藝術的靈魂;笨笨的有什麼看頭,不如殺掉它。

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