正文 第二部分:從漢語到英語 打碎玻璃天花板

Breaking through the Glass Ceilings

打碎玻璃天花板

我的朋友C總是對我說,他覺得英語里最難的學的是那些短語(phrase)、成語(idiom)和俚語(slang)。他學英語已經很久了,這些年單詞記了一大堆,就連托福(TOEFL)辭彙,GRE辭彙手冊幾乎都背過了,可是讀書讀報時遇到一些成語,卻還是常常被絆住。C說,他在與人交談時就盡量不用成語,而是找一種別的方式代替成語的意思。用他的話說,就是繞一個彎,用一個解釋成語的長句子代替最簡練的成語。我對他說,我也常常遇到這樣的情況。

英語的短語、成語和俚語數量實在太大了,一個動詞就可以引出十幾個、甚至幾十個短語和成語,比如,do, get, go, make, put, take這樣的動詞,都可以引出幾十個片語(成語),還有大量的名詞、介詞、副詞,都可以和別的詞一起組成成語,比如:名詞ground就能組成下面這麼多片語:

break ground 破土動工(修建)

break new (fresh) ground 創新

on ground 共同的基礎、看法、興趣、利害等

cover (the ) ground (交談)涉及了……方面

cut the ground from under 使失敗,破壞其計畫

fall (be dashed) to the ground (計畫)失敗,(希望)被粉碎

gain ground 取得進展,情況好轉,(謠言)有了市場

get off the ground 取得初步進展或成功

have (keep) one』s feet on the ground 腳踏實地,實實在在地

lose ground 後退,失利,情況惡化,力量變弱,失去支持者

stand (hold) one』s ground 不肯後退,堅持不認錯

suit one down to the ground 正合某人需要

這樣看來,要記住大量的成語,確實是很困難的。不僅如此,由於成語是人們在長期的使用中「習慣成自然」而形成的,其中就滲透著歷史和文化的內涵,在特定的環境中才有意義。所以,我從不敢盲目地使用成語,更不敢望文生義,總是擔心用不好就會鬧出笑話。比如,下面這段對話里,就用了好幾個成語:

A: I』m furious with John! He』s always late.

(我對約翰真是煩透了!他總是遲到。)

B: Always? Why don』t you talk it over with him? Ence him to be on time.

(總是遲到?你為什麼不跟他好好談一談?鼓勵他遵守時間。)

A: Look! I』ve talked till I』m blue in the face. It』s out of the question.

(瞧!我已經說得嘴皮都磨破了,可是不管用。)

B: There must be something you do.

(你一定能做點什麼的。)

A: I doubt it. Last night we went to a cert. Do you know what time we got there? Just in time to go out for the intermission!

(我不信。昨天晚上我們去聽音樂會。你知道我們是什麼時候才到的嗎?我們正趕上幕間休息!)

B: I guess you』re just wasting your breath then. Time means nothing to John.

(我想你是白費勁兒了。時間對約翰來說是無所謂的。)

在這段對話里,黑體字標出的都是成語。其中:

talk something over指的是discuss,比如:

Tom talked his plan over with his father before he bought the car.

(在買車之前,湯姆認真地同父親談了他的計畫。)

on time指的是not before or late of the time arranged,比如說:

The trai on time.

(列車正點開走了。)

till one is blue in the face不是說某個人的臉發紫了,而是說,until one say no more in trying to ving someone of something,比如:

Jane argued with Bill until she was blue in the face.

(簡和比爾爭了起來,直到她氣急敗壞,無話可說。)

in time to指的是be at a place at the right time to do something; soon enough,比如:

We got to Washington in time for the cherry blossoms.

(我們趕到華盛頓的時候,正值櫻桃開花。)

out of the question指的是impossible; beyond sideration; unthinkable,比如說:

Ygestion that we go swimming is out of the question; it』s much too cold today.

(你建議我們今天去游泳,這是不可能的,天太冷了。)

waste one』s breath 指的是 speak uselessly, to no purpose:

If you tell Jaot to go, you』ll just be wasting your breath; he』ll go anyway.

(如果你告訴傑克不要去,那完全是白費口舌,他無論如何都要去的。)

我想,要記住並且能熟練地應用成語,關鍵在於勤學苦練,加強記憶。最主要的還是在於積累,通過大量的閱讀和其他形式的學習,比如進行讀和寫的訓練,把英語成語逐漸地變成自己的成語。要做到這點,就要在學習中把遇到的每一個成語的意思弄明白,只有理解了,才能記得牢。下面的一些成語並不難,我很喜歡,在給朋友寫信或者打電話時,順便說幾句也很有意思,比如:

I know the answer, but I t put my finger on it.

(我知道答案,可我說不確切了。)

I dont believe Sallys pregnant. Its just coffee talk, just gossip.

(我不相信薩莉懷孕了,那隻不過是瞎扯。)

I』m a little ahead of time, I know, but it would be better to wait here rather than miss the train.

(我想我來得稍早了一點,不過,就是在這兒等,也比趕不上火車好。)

Kathy never has time to be bored. She』s as busy as a bee from m to night.

(凱西從沒有時間煩惱。她從早到晚像蜜蜂一樣忙個不停。)

I like to live here because people here call a spade a spade, and they have a sense of humor.

(我喜歡住在這兒,因為這兒的人有什麼說什麼,他們也有幽默感。)

Carol Jame

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