正文 他們六個

親愛的小文:

你要爸爸給你講六個科學家,好。現在就照你開來的名字講。

第一個是亞里士多德(Aristotle),活了六十二歲。

公元前五到四世紀的時候,有四個人有師生關係,並且都是大名人,前三個人都是哲學家(philosophers),最後一個是東征西討的皇帝Alexahe Great。

蘇格拉底

柏拉圖 亞里士多德 亞歷山大

Socrates Plato Aristotle Alexander

Socrates greatest pupil Platos greatest pupil Aristotles greatest pupil

Aristotle的學問很大,是哲學家,也是教育家(educator),也是科學家(stist),他在科學方面的著作有logic、physiatural history、psychology……但他究竟是兩千三百年前的人,他的科學有很多錯誤,比如他認為地球是宇宙中心,太陽星星繞地球轉,這是錯的;他認為月亮表面是光滑的,自己發光,這是錯的;他認為同時下落,重的東西比輕的東西先著地,這是錯的;他認為男人的牙比女人多,這也是錯的,這大概是Mrs. Aristotle的牙掉了的緣故!

Aristotle的真正貢獻,chief tribution是他把學問造成一個「繼往開來」(to carry on the heritage so as to pave the way for future geions)的局面,使人類愛真理(truth)。

Aristotle在他的Ethica(ethics倫理學)中表示他愛老師Plato,但是更愛真理。在中國也有這種看法,叫「當仁不讓於師」。(to yield to nobody when one is doing what is right;do not refuse to accept a reward or position whie deserves;to be behind none in the desire to be mankind.)Aristotle differed from Plato both in the aims of his philosophy and ihods of his iigation. In his Ethica he states that, while both Plato and truth are dear to him, he is bound to prefer truth.

While Aristotle was a biologist of note, even if we allow for some rather peculiar lapses, his views on physid astronomy were hopelessly muddled. Plato, bining the Milesian and Pythagorean traditions, had been muearer the mark, and so were later Hellenistic stists like Aristarchus aosthenes. Aristotles most famous tribution to systematic thought is probably his work in logic.

對Aristotle在sce方面的clusion是——300s B.C. Aristotles studies in logid classification tributed to the foundations of sce.

第二個科學家——伽利略(Galileo),活了七十八歲。Galileo was the first great experimenter and the father of modern astronomy. He was also an outstanding mathemati. Galileo說

Aristotle認為重東西先落地,不對,他跑上比薩斜塔(the Leaning Tower of Pisa),拿兩個不同重量的球實驗,結果證明Aristotle錯了。——但別人都錯的時候,他一個人對沒有用,他被大學趕走了。

Galileo又印了一本書,說太陽不動,動的是地球,於是,惹起公憤,雖然他對了。——但別人都錯的時候,他一個人對沒有用,他被抓到「宗教裁判所」,宗教法庭(Inquisition)。Inquisition動不動就把人燒死,因為Galileo是大學者,又太老了(七十歲),又有點後台(有貴人保護),又「認錯」,於是「優待」,改判為「終身軟禁」(perma house arrest)。House arrest, a form of arrest in which a person is fined under guard in his own house:Authorities insisted no one had been jailed but said some strikers were under house arrest.(Tuscaloosa News)

他「認錯」以後,偷偷在一個朋友耳邊說:「但它(地球)還在動啊!」Yet it does move!(Epur si muove!)

他被關在家裡,大詩人John Milton(當時三十歲),到Italy旅行,到Galileo家裡拜訪,Galileo已經瞎了,真巧,十四年後,Milton也瞎了。

John Milton, an English poet and political writer, wrote one of the worlds greatest epics, Paradise Lost.(一六六七)He posed this famous epid two other works, Paradise Regained(一六七一)and Samson Agonistes(一六七一), when he was totally blind. Milton

Galileo的頭腦比時代新,所以老是倒霉。這叫「生不逢辰」(born at a wrong time;luckless;unlucky)。

對Galileo在sce方面的clusion是——c. 1600 Galileo emphasized the mathematical interpretation of experiments in sce. He discovered many important physical laws.

第三個科學家——哈維(William Harvey),活了七十九歲。

中文有句成語叫「周而復始」(to repeat the cycle all ain)血在人身體里就是周而復始的。發現這一現象很不容易。

但是哈維發現了。哈維也指出過Aristotle的錯誤,但對Aristotle的敬愛並不因而減少。哈維有一個大闊佬病人,也是他的好朋友,就是當時英國的皇帝King Charles I。後來Charles I倒台,在Oxford地方哈維的許多稿本都被反對皇帝的人destroyed了,Their loss caused him great sorrow.

對William Harvey在sce方面的clusion是——1628 William Harvey published his theory on the circulation of the blood.

第四個科學家——波義爾(Robert Boyle),活了六十四歲。

波義爾是哲學家、物理學家、化學家(Boyel hilosopher, a physicist and a chemist),「the father of moderry」。

英國最有名,也

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