1. Tim Blanning,The Pursuit of Glory (New York:Penguin Books, 2008), 52.
2. 同上，53.並請參見： J. Neumann and S. Lindgrén, 『Great Historical Events That Were Signifitly Affected by the Weather:4, The Great Famines in Finland aonia, 1695–97』,Bulletin of the Ameri Meteical Society 60 (1979), 775–87; Andrew B. Appleby, 『Epidemid Famine itle Ice Age』,Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10:4 (1980):643–63; ac Ó Gráda and Jean-Michel Chevet, 『Famine and Marke tinAn Régime France』,Journal of Eic History 62:3 (2002), 706–73.
3. Nicole Darmo al., 『L』insécurité alimentaire pour raisons financières en France』,Observatoire National de la Pauvreté et de l』Exclusion Sociale , https://.onpes.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Darmon.pdf, accessed 3 March 2015; Rapport Annuel 2013,Banques Alimetaires , en.calameo./read/001358178ec47d2018425, accessed 4 March 2015.
4. Richard Dobbs et al., 『How the World Could Better Fight Obesity』, Mseys & pany, November, 2014, accessed 11 December 2014, .msey./insights/eic_studies/how_the_world_could_better_fight_obesity.
5. 『Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2013』,La , 18 December 2014, accessed 18 December 2014, .thela./themed/global-burden-of-disease; Stephen Adams, 『Obesity Killing Three Times As Many As Malnutrition』,Telegraph , 13 December 2012, accessed 18 December 2014, .telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/9742960/Obesity-killing-three-times-as-many-as-malnutrition.html
6. Robert S. Lopez,The Birth of Europe ［in Hebrew］ (Tel Aviv:Dvir, 1990), 427.
7. https://upload.wikimedia./wikipedia/ons/d/d0/Yersinia_pestis.jpg
8. Alfred W. Crosby,The bian Exge:Biological and Cultural sequences of 1492 (Westpreenwood Press, 1972); William H. Meill,Plagues and Peoples (Oxford:Basil Blackwell, 1977).
9. Hugh Thomas,quest:Cortes,Montezuma and the Fall of Old Mexiew York:Simon & Schuster, 1993), 443–6; Rodolfo Aa-Soto et al., 『Megadrought and Megadeath in 16th tury Mexico』,Historical Review 8:4 (2002), 360–2; Sherburne F. Cook and Lesley Byrd Simpson,The Population of tral Mexi the Sixteenth tury (Berkeley:Uy of Califronia Press, 1948).
10. Jared Diamond,Guns, Germs and Steel:The Fates of Human Societies ［in Hebrew］ (Tel Avia:Am Oved, 2002), 167.
11. Jeffery K. Taubenberger and David M. Morens, 『1918 Influenza:The Mother of All Pandemics』,Emerging Iious Diseases 12:1 (2006), 15–22; Niall P. A. S. Johnson and Juergen Mueller, 『Updating the Ats:Global Mortality of the 1918–1920 「Spanish」Influenza Pandemic』,Bulletin of the History of Medie 76:1 (2002), 105–15; Stacey L. Knobler, Alison Mack, Adel Mahmoud et al., ed.,The Threat of Pandemifluenza:Are We Ready?Workshop Summary (Washington Dational Academies Press 2005), 57–110; David van Reybrouck,go:The Epic History of a People (New York:HarperCollins, 2014), 164; Siddharth dra, Goran Kuljanin and Jennifer Wray, 『Mortality from the Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919:The Case of India』,Demography 49:3 (2012), 857–65; Gee C. Kohn,Encyclopedia of Plague ailence:From Aimes to the Present , 3rd edn (New York:Facts on File, 2008), 363.
12. 從2005年到2010年的平均值，分別是全球4.6%、非洲7.9%、歐洲和北美0.7%。參見： 『Infant Mortality Rate (Both Sexes bined) by Major Area, Region and try, 1950–2010 (Infahs for 1000 Live Births), estimates』,World Population Prospects: the 2010 Revision , Ument of Eid Social Affairs, April 2011, accessed 26 May 2012, esa.un./unpd/wpp/Ex